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    Home»Learn»Learn Crypto – What is a 51% attack?
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    Learn Crypto – What is a 51% attack?

    ICARUSBy ICARUS2022-11-16Updated:2022-11-16๋Œ“๊ธ€ ์—†์Œ9 Mins Read
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    Learn Crypto Intermediate
    Learn Crypto -Intermediate
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    This is when a cryptocurrency miner or group of miners controls at least 50% of the network’s mining hashrate (the sum of all computing power dedicated to mining and transaction processing).
    51% attack scenarios are rare. Especially in the case of more established cryptocurrencies, this is primarily due to the logistics, hardware and costs required to do so.
    However, a successful block attack can give an attacker full control of the network, double-spend coins, prevent other transactions from being verified, and block other miners from mining.

    Investing in cryptocurrencies can be potentially profitable, but carries a higher level of risk, especially compared to investing in stocks or bonds.
    And 51% attacks pose a threat to those who use, buy, and sell cryptocurrencies.
    If an investor is considering adding a digital currency to their portfolio, it is important to understand what the 51% attack means.

    Background to the 51% Attack

    This is an attack on blockchain, a type of digital database in the form of a ledger.
    With blockchain technology, information is collected in groups or blocks and linked together to create a chain of data.
    In cryptocurrency transactions, blockchain is used to record authorized transfers of digital currencies and mining of cryptographic coins or tokens.

    In many cryptocurrencies, โ€œminersโ€ may attempt to add blocks to the chain by solving mathematical problems using mining machines, a process known as proof-of-work.
    These machines are essentially computer networks. When a miner succeeds in adding a block to the chain, they receive a cryptocurrency in return.

    The speed at which all miners in the network operate is the hash rate. A good hash rate can help gauge the health of the network.
    A 51% attack occurs when one or more miners control more than 50% of the network’s mining power, computing power, or hash rate.
    If a 51% attack is successful, the miner responsible will essentially have control over the network and the specific transactions that occur within it.
    This could mean an attacker could double-spend coins or manipulate transactions.

    Additionally, a 51% attack on the blockchain could damage the reputation of cryptocurrencies, leading to a drop in value as investors sell cryptocurrencies.

    Example of a 51% attack

    51% attack is not a theoretical problem. There have been several notable examples of 51% attacks in the past, including:

    • A 2018 attack on Bitcoin Gold (BTG) double-spent $18 million worth of the currency.
    • Multiple attacks against Vertcoin (VTC) in 2018 doubled VTC spending of over $100,000.
    • An attack on Ethereum Classic (ETC) in 2019 resulted in a double spend of over $1M of the currency. Cryptocurrency also faced three attacks in 2020.
    • 2020 attack on Grin (GRIN), allowing blockchain to regain control.
    • 3 attacks on Bitcoin SV (BSV) in 2021 damaged reputation.

    Most 51% attacks happen on smaller cryptocurrencies.
    Experts say that major cryptocurrencies are unlikely to face a successful 51% attack, as it would be prohibitively expensive to capture more than half of the mining power.

    How a 51% attack works

    When a cryptocurrency transaction occurs, the newly mined block must be verified by the consensus of the nodes or computers connected to the network.
    When this validation occurs, the block can be added to the chain.
    The blockchain contains a record of all transactions that anyone can view at any time.
    This record keeping system is decentralized and no individual or entity has control over it.
    As different nodes or computer systems work together to mine, the hash rate of a particular network is also decentralized.

    However, when one or more miners control most of the hashrate, a cryptocurrency network will go down.
    This disruption is a 51% attack. Those responsible for the 51% attack may:

    • Exclude new transactions from being recorded.
    • Modifying transaction order
    • Prevent transactions from being verified or confirmed.
    • Block other miners from mining coins or tokens within the network.
    • Reversing a transaction as a double-spending coin

    The side effects of these block attacks can be problematic for cryptocurrency investors and those who accept digital currencies as payment methods.

    For example, a double spend scenario would allow someone to pay for something using cryptocurrencies and then reverse the transaction after the fact.
    Malicious actors can bill the seller by effectively holding everything purchased along with the cryptocurrency used in the transaction.

    What a 51% attack means for crypto investors

    51% attacks aren’t common, but they’re not negligible either. For crypto investors, the biggest risk associated with a 51% attack may be the devaluation of a particular digital currency.
    Investors may lose confidence in the market if cryptocurrencies are exposed to frequent block attacks. These events can cause cryptocurrency prices to crash.

    The good news is that miners preparing for a 51% attack are limited in what they can do. For example, a person performing a blocking attack cannot:

    • Reverse transactions conducted by others
    • Change the number of coins or tokens created in a block.
    • Create a new coin or token from scratch
    • Trade with coins or tokens that do not belong to you

    The bigger the blockchain, the harder it is for rogue miners to attack it. On the other hand, smaller networks may be more vulnerable to block attacks.
    Investors can protect themselves from the possibility of a 51% attack by investing in large and established cryptocurrency networks compared to smaller networks.

    How to prevent a 51% attack

    • 50% limit for single miner
      A blockchainโ€™s protocol can ensure that no miner or group of miners controls more than 50% of the blockchainโ€™s hash power.
    • Using Proof of Stake
      Blockchains can use stronger blockchain consensus algorithms. Some consensus algorithms, such as Proof of Stake, are more resistant to 51% attacks than others, such as Proof of Work.
    • Strong network community
      A strong community in a blockchain can help prevent 51% attacks, especially if the blockchain uses a proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus algorithm.
      With PoS, the community must vote to determine if users can become block validators like miners in proof-of-work systems.
      If the community detects that a user is amassing the power to attack the blockchain, it can prevent the attack by banishing the user from the network.

    Wrap-up

    Fast and promising technologies such as cryptocurrencies and blockchain expect higher returns, but risks and vulnerabilities are always expected.
    Upcoming technologies address these security hurdles, systems need to be improved, and hopefully more advances are forthcoming.

    51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ด๋ž€?

    ์ด๋Š” ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ ์ฑ„๊ตด์ž ๋˜๋Š” ์ฑ„๊ตด์ž ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์ฑ„๊ตด ํ•ด์‹œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ(์ฑ„๊ตด ๋ฐ ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ์ „๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ•ฉ๊ณ„)์˜ ์ตœ์†Œ 50%๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” โ€‹โ€‹๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” ๋“œ๋ญ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋” ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋œ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜, ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋ธ”๋ก ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฝ”์ธ์„ ์ด์ค‘ ์ง€์ถœํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฑ„๊ตด์ž์˜ ์ฑ„๊ตด์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํŠนํžˆ ์ฃผ์‹์ด๋‚˜ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์€ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ, ๊ตฌ๋งค ๋ฐ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    ํˆฌ์ž์ž๊ฐ€ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์— ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ†ตํ™” ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด 51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ

    ์›์žฅ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์ธ ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ด๋‹ค.
    ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋˜๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ก์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฒด์ธ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—์„œ ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ†ตํ™”์˜ ์Šน์ธ๋œ ์ „์†ก๊ณผ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™” ์ฝ”์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ํ† ํฐ์˜ ์ฑ„๊ตด์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    ๋งŽ์€ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ์—์„œ “๊ด‘๋ถ€”๋Š” ์ž‘์—… ์ฆ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์ธ ๋งˆ์ด๋‹ ๋จธ์‹ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒด์ธ์— ๋ธ”๋ก์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฑ„๊ตด์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฒด์ธ์— ๋ธ”๋ก์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฑ„๊ตด์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์‹œ์œจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์€ ํ•ด์‹œ ๋น„์œจ์€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์€ ํ•œ ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ฑ„๊ตด์ž๊ฐ€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์ฑ„๊ตด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์‹œ ๋น„์œจ์˜ 50% ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฑ…์ž„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฑ„๊ตด์ž๋Š” ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์™€ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ • ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    ์ด๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”์ธ์„ ์ด์ค‘ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜์„ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 51%์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์€ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ์˜ ํ‰ํŒ์„ ์†์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๊ฐ€ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ๋ฅผ ํŒ๋งคํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์˜ ์˜ˆ

    51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์€ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ 51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    • ๋น„ํŠธ์ฝ”์ธ โ€‹โ€‹๊ณจ๋“œ(BTG)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 2018๋…„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ 1,800๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒ๋‹น์˜ ํ†ตํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด์ค‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • 2018๋…„ Vertcoin(VTC)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ VTC ์ง€์ถœ์ด $100,000 ์ด์ƒ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • 2019๋…„ ์ด๋”๋ฆฌ์›€ ํด๋ž˜์‹(ETC)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ 100๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ด์ค‘ ์ง€์ถœ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ๋Š” 2020๋…„์—๋„ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • 2020 Grin(Grin)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ์ด ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ์„ ๋˜์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • 2021๋…„ ํ‰ํŒ์ด ํ›ผ์†๋œ ๋น„ํŠธ์ฝ”์ธ โ€‹โ€‹SV(BSV)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 3๊ฑด์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ.

    ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ 51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์€ ๋” ์ž‘์€ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ์š” ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ๊ฐ€ 51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฑ„๊ตด๋ ฅ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.

    51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹

    ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ฑ„๊ตด๋œ ๋ธ”๋ก์€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋‚˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
    ์ด ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ธ”๋ก์„ ์ฒด์ธ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ์—๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ณด๊ด€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋„ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋‚˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฑ„๊ตด์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํŠน์ • ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํ•ด์‹œ ๋น„์œจ๋„ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•œ ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ฑ„๊ตด์ž๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•ด์‹œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋ฉด ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์šด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    ์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ์€ 51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    • ์ƒˆ ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์ œ์™ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์ˆœ์„œ ์ˆ˜์ •
    • ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฑ„๊ตด์ž๊ฐ€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ฝ”์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ํ† ํฐ์„ ์ฑ„๊ตดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • ์ด์ค‘ ์ง€์ถœ ์ฝ”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜ ๋ฐ˜์ „

    ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ธ”๋ก ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ ํˆฌ์ž์ž์™€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ†ตํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด์ค‘ ์ง€์ถœ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ดํ›„์— ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ทจ์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    ์•…์˜์ ์ธ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์œ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํŒ๋งค์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ ํˆฌ์ž์ž์—๊ฒŒ 51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ

    51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ ํˆฌ์ž์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ํŠน์ • ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ†ตํ™”์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ ˆํ•˜์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ๊ฐ€ ์žฆ์€ ๋ธ”๋ก ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋ฉด ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์žƒ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ํญ๋ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์€ 51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ„๊ตด์ž๋“ค์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ฐจ๋‹จ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    • ํƒ€์ธ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ์—ญ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜
    • ๋ธ”๋ก์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ฝ”์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ํ† ํฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒˆ ์ฝ”์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ํ† ํฐ ์ƒ์„ฑ
    • ๋ณธ์ธ ์†Œ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ฝ”์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ํ† ํฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜

    ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ์ด ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฑ„๊ตด์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ก ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ๋” ์ทจ์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํฌ๊ณ  ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋œ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ 51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    • 51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
      ๋‹จ์ผ ์ฑ„๊ตด์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 50% ํ•œ๋„
      ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ ๊ด‘๋ถ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ถ€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ ํ•ด์‹œ ํŒŒ์›Œ์˜ 50% ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ณด์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • ์ง€๋ถ„ ์ฆ๋ช… ์‚ฌ์šฉ
      ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ์€ ๋” โ€‹โ€‹๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ ํ•ฉ์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ถ„ ์ฆ๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•ฉ์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์ž‘์—… ์ฆ๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค 51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ
      ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ์ด ์ง€๋ถ„ ์ฆ๋ช…(PoS) ํ•ฉ์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 51% ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
      PoS๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์—… ์ฆ๋ช… ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๊ด‘๋ถ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ธ”๋ก ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํˆฌํ‘œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
      ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์ถ•์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ์ถ”๋ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ

    ์•”ํ˜ธ ํ™”ํ ๋ฐ ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์œ ๋งํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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